Difficulty hearing in noise often drives older adults to seek help, but most hearing screening tests for loudness, not clarity. Both measures are needed for fully informed diagnosis and treatment.
By Douglas L. Beck - November 15, 2022
(Reviewed by Paula Cunha May 2023, before adding to Beyond Hearing site)
In popular discourse, the terms “hearing” and “listening” are often tossed about as if they were synonyms. They are not. To professionals in communication sciences and disorders, hearing, hearing loss, listening, language, comprehension, and cognition have very specific meanings.
For the purposes of this article, hearing is simply perceiving or detecting sound, whereas listening is the ability to comprehend or apply meaning to sound. Of course, to listen, one must first hear. However, simply perceiving, detecting, or hearing sound is not enough. Not at all. Dogs, cats, and many other mammals generally hear better than humans do. We are not at the top of the food chain because of our ability to hear. Rather, we are at the top of the food chain due to our unparalleled ability to listen—to apply meaning to sound.
Humans have created thousands of languages to communicate intricate thoughts, feelings, science, religion, technology, sports, the future, the present, the past, and more. At a rudimentary level, most animals communicate through sound (for instance, barking, purring, or shrieking). However, alerting and warning sounds are not the limits of human communication. We have unfathomable depths of expressive and receptive language ability, most of which are not captured, reflected, or revealed through an audiogram.
A meaningful hearing evaluation requires measures of both loudness and clarity. Measuring hearing thresholds/loudness in isolation does not adequately indicate how one processes information or comprehends the real world. This is the essence of the often-debated and not-yet-resolved problems with limiting audiological testing to hearing, based on loudness-only measures (“hearing screenings” or audiograms). Unfortunately, only about 15–20% of audiologists perform routine speech-in-noise (SIN) testing, multiple surveys indicate.
Yes, threshold testing can be important in identifying hearing loss, particularly in children. However, of the 38 million people in the U.S. with hearing loss, most have mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Of note, these common SNHLs are often unrealized, despite elevated high-frequency thresholds, because thresholds generally degrade slowly, and most people do not notice the change.
The literature supports the position that threshold-based testing for adults provides only a partial picture, failing to reveal what is most often the primary problem: difficulty hearing speech in noisy situations. To fully identify the problem, we need to administer word/speech recognition in quiet, SIN testing, and listening and communication assessments—per the best-practice models of ASHA, the American Academy of Audiology, and the International Hearing Society. Gathering the complete audiometric information, beyond the pure-tone audiogram, positions us to provide an accurate diagnosis, set realistic expectations, and achieve a maximal outcome for each patient.
Clarity versus volume
When older adults start having trouble hearing speech in noise, they often blame it on other people mumbling in noisy environments—commonly referred to as the “cocktail-party effect.” This phenomenon has been recognized for more than 70 years and continues to cause significant frustration today (see sources). The reality is, when adults finally do seek hearing solutions, it is generally not due to elevated thresholds, or that they are not hearing loudly enough.
Rather, the most significant reason they seek help is they cannot hear clearly, particularly in noisy situations (see sources). Importantly and unfortunately, hearing clarity is not measured in hearing screenings, which (by definition) instead engage only in loudness detection of pure tones, speech sounds, whispers, or watches ticking. All health care providers acknowledge, “Diagnosis first, treatment second.” Best practice assures us that we have done due diligence. When we do less than that, we know less and are forced to make assumptions and guesses, which may be right or wrong.
In 2018, Andrew Vermiglio of East Carolina University showed discrepancies between the patient’s real-world perception of their own hearing status and their pure-tone measures on an audiogram. Two years later Daniel Shub of Walter Reed and colleagues characterized the audiogram as a relatively insensitive measure of SIN ability, based on their study of 5,487 people performing “hearing-critical” tasks.
Unrecognized and untreated
Difficulty hearing speech in noise is a common complaint in every hearing care office. However, the estimated 26 million Americans who experience this issue often do not have any hearing loss; they have suprathreshold listening disorders, which they understandably refer to as “hearing problems.” If SIN and communication and listening are not assessed in these patients, the audiological problem that motivated their visit will be invisible to the clinician.
Compounding the problem is a tendency for people not to notice mild-to-moderate hearing decline as they age. In a study of 696 older adults published this year, a research team led by Ryota Sukarai of the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology found that approximately two-thirds of them had mild hearing loss, and a fifth had moderate hearing loss. None of them knew they had hearing loss, and none of them recognized this decline. According to the authors, the participants’ undiagnosed, unsuspected hearing loss had contributed to impaired cognition, lower gait performance, and a tendency toward depression. One does not seek solutions for problems one is unaware of.
In fact, a growing body of research (see sources) supports a link between hearing loss and cognitive decline and, importantly, indicates that treating hearing loss early may help mitigate cognitive decline. In a recent study, hearing loss emerged as the most significant of 12 modifiable risk factors for dementia. Others include obesity, low social contact, depression, and cardiovascular disease. According to the study, when mild cognitive impairment is screened and diagnosed early, and when patients subsequently address their hearing loss and other dementia risk factors, they may decrease their dementia risk by some 40%.
‘What we do with what we hear’
Understanding hearing loss as a whole-person issue, not just an audiogram-specific issue, is not new. Psychologist Helmer Myklebust wrote about it in the Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders in 1949, arguing that a whole-person approach should include components such as language, psychology, cognitive status, auditory processing, executive function, and more.
Similarly, Jack Katz, my mentor at The State University of New York at Buffalo, described auditory processing disorders (APDs) as “what we do with what we hear.” Those simple, yet brilliant, seven words remain prescient, as they encapsulate our ever-expanding understanding of our ability to apply meaning to sound: in other words, to listen. Lending support to Katz’s observations is the high number of Americans with normal thresholds who report hearing difficulties and/or trouble hearing speech in noise—26 million of them, according to a 2019 review I co-authored with Jeffrey Danhauer of the University of California Santa Barbara. These difficulties often co-occur with other diagnoses related to cognition, attention, and auditory processing. Clearly, hearing loss and receptive communication difficulties can often masquerade or parade as each other. An individual can have either, neither, or both.
The question is, why are other assessments besides the audiogram not a standard part of audiology evaluation? At least part of the answer is systemic, in that reimbursement is not tied to audiological assessment. Consider that other medical professionals like otolaryngologists, neurologists, and optometrists simply do not conduct tests on patients without being reimbursed. One can argue we had the best intentions by offering free hearing screenings decades ago, but this has resulted in unintended negative consequences, including the devaluation of our screening and diagnostic services.
Revealing screenings
Reflecting on the research discussed so far, we know that the entire brain is involved in decoding speech sounds and that many integrated factors affect our ability to listen. We know that these factors include visually redundant speech cues (such as lip reading and hand gestures), body language, background noise, and the emotional impact of the speech content.
We also know that when traditional audiometric results don’t explain the patient’s signs and symptoms, we need to delve deeper and administer further assessments. It’s simply best practice. Which tests do I recommend for the majority of adults with SIN problems?
Speech-in-noise screening. Measuring “clarity” in the real world is simple, accurate, and quick with available SIN tests, such as the QuickSIN, the Words-in-Noise Test, the Bkb, or the Beck-Benitez. Each takes just two to three minutes and does not require a sound booth. Of note, the primary protocol for improving clarity in noisy situations is improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), not making sounds louder. A primary goal of hearing aid fittings is improving the SNR to bolster speech understanding for the wearer.
Listening and communication assessments identify the scenarios in which the patient does well and where they need help, despite their audiogram (COSI, IOI, SSQ, and HHIE).
Cognitive screening. For people experiencing hearing difficulty and/or SIN problems—typically older adults—a cognitive screening is in order, regardless of hearing loss status. Commonly used cognitive screeners include the Cognivue Thrive, Mini-Mental State Exam, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Mini-Cog Test. Often, patients with sensorineural hearing loss, suprathreshold listening disorders, and/or cognitive impairment report similar observations: “I can’t understand what others are saying in noise,” “I can’t recall what someone just said,” or “Everyone mumbles.” Screenings—combined with best-practice-based audiology protocols—help us distinguish and identify people who have communication disorders from those needing further evaluation for mild cognitive impairment, neurocognitive disorders, or suprathreshold listening disorders. We need to assume that suprathreshold listening disorders are not being managed by other professionals.
With some appropriate professional training, these screenings can be integrated into patient testing with relative ease. And, of course, we don’t diagnose or treat cognitive problems; we refer patients to the relevant professionals, just as we do with smoking cessation, diabetes management, depression, unusual tympanic membranes, and other medical issues. We cannot find what we don’t look for, and if we don’t look, no one else will. We are licensed health professionals, and we must take care of the whole patient the best we can.
Evolving with our patients
At first glance, it may seem peculiar to provide amplification for the 26 million people with hearing and SIN difficulties that go undetected on an audiogram. But an improved signal-to-noise ratio can ease listening difficulties significantly in this population—likely by improving the perceived quality of the sensory signal and by easing the cognitive load. We’ve seen FM systems provide such benefits in children with APD (and no audiometric hearing loss) for decades. Pocket-talkers, digital remote mics, telecoils/loops, and other hearing assistive technologies also provide such benefits. As of September, Apple has sold approximately 100 million AirPod units, as people seek the vastly improved SNR and reasonably good background noise reduction they offer (see "Reimagining the Hearing Aid in an OTC Marketplace" for more on hearing technology innovation in this space).
The realities of practice in 2022 and beyond are very different from the protocols we learned when I was a student 40 years ago. As a profession and a science, we need to evolve to meet the world how and where it is. No one likes to change, but it is necessary to constantly evaluate and re-evaluate in an ever-changing world. Science is dynamic, not static, and clinical practice is obligated to follow the science.
And our cumulative scientific knowledge, paired with the need for whole-person care, instructs us to truly understand the separate and overlapping manifestations and management of hearing loss, suprathreshold listening disorders, cognitive issues, and more. I urge all of us to act in accordance with best practices: Conduct complete audiometric evaluations in quiet and noise, incorporate knowledge of the patient’s communication and listening ability, define which part of the communication disorder is audiology-based, and screen for that which is not.
We have the knowledge, education, clinical skill, and licenses to expand beyond the audiogram. Our work directly affects real people and their quality of life. Let’s do this.
Douglas L. Beck, AuD, CCC-A, is vice president of clinical sciences at Cognivue Inc., in Victor, New York, and adjunct clinical professor of communication disorders at the State University of New York at Buffalo. douglaslbeck@gmail.com
Sources
Beck, D. L. (2017). Best practices in hearing aid dispensing: An interview with Michael Valente, PhD. Hearing Review, 24(12), 39–41. http://nebula.wsimg.com/151b0740458f4bdd63c11c43d3d63fd9?AccessKeyId=847BD6B27AE76DDDF701&disposition=0&alloworigin=1
Beck, D. L. (2021). Looking back and to the future: An interview with Arlene Pietranton, PhD, retiring CEO of ASHA. Hearing Review. https://hearingreview.com/inside-hearing/organizations/interview-with-arlene-pietranton-phd-retiring-ceo-of-asha
Beck, D. L., & Benitez, L. (2019). A two-minute speech-in-noise test: Protocol and pilot data. Audiology Today. https://www.audiology.org/news-and-publications/audiology-today/articles/a-two-minute-speech-in-noise-test-protocol-and-pilot-data/
Beck, D. L., & Danhauer, J. L. (2019). Amplification for adults with hearing difficulty, speech-in-noise problems—and normal thresholds. Journal of Otolaryngology–ENT Research, 11(1). DOI: 10.15406/joentr.2019.11.00414
Beck, D. L., Danhauer. J. L., Abrams, H. B., Atcherson, S. R., Brown, D. K., Chasin, M., … Wolfe, J. (2018). Audiologic considerations for people with normal hearing sensitivity yet hearing difficulty and/or speech-in-noise problems. Hearing Review, 25(10), 28–38.
Cherry, C. (1953). Some experiments on the recognition of speech with one and two ears. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 25(5), 975–979. DOI: 10.1121/1.1907229
Chua, K. W. D., Fauble, B. M., & Gans, R. E. (2022). Association of cognitive impairment and fall risk in older adults: An analytical cross-sectional study. Journal of Otolaryngology–ENT Research, 14(1). 8–12. DOI: 10.15406/joentr.2022.14.00497
Clark, J. G., Huff, C., & Earl, B. R. (2017). Clinical practice report card: Are we meeting best practice standards for adult hearing rehabilitation? Audiology Today, 17, 14–25.
Goyette, A., Crukley, J., & Galster, J. (2018). The effects of varying directional bandwidth in hearing aid users' preference and speech-in-noise performance. American Journal of Audiology, 27(1), 95–103. doi: 10.1044/2017_AJA-17-0063.
Katz, J. (2007). APD Evaluation to Therapy: The Buffalo Model. Audiology Online. https://www.audiologyonline.com/articles/apd-evaluation-to-therapy-buffalo-945
Kricos, P. (2006). Audiologic management of older adults with hearing loss and compromised cognitive/psychoacoustic auditory processing capabilities. Trends in Amplification, 10(1), 1–28. doi: 10.1177/108471380601000102.
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., & Sommerlad, A. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 396(10248), 413-446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6.
Myklebust, H. R. (1949). The relationship between clinical psychology and audiology. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 14(2), 98–103. doi: 10.1044/jshd.1402.98. PMID: 18130120.
Sakurai, R., Kawai, H., Suzuki, H., Ogawa, S., Yanai, S., Hirano, H., … Fujiwara, Y. (2023). Cognitive, physical, and mental profiles of older adults with misplaced self-evaluation of hearing loss. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2022.104821
Shub, D. E., Makashay, M. J., & Brungart, D. S. (2020). Predicting speech-in noise-deficits from the audiogram. Ear & Hearing, 41(1), 39–54. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000745.
Stevenson, J. S., Clifton, L., Kuźma, E., & Littlejohns, T. J. (2022). Speech-in-noise hearing impairment is associated with an increased risk of incident dementia in 82,039 UK Biobank participants. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 18(3), 445–456. doi: 10.1002/alz.12416.
Vermiglio, A. J., Soli, S. D., & Fang, X. (2018). An argument for self-report as a reference standard in audiology. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 29(3), 206–222. DOI: 10.3766/jaaa.16128
Wilson, R. H., McArdle, R. A., & Smith, S. L. (2007). An evaluation of the BKB-SIN, HINT, QuickSIN, and WIN materials on listeners with normal hearing and listeners with hearing loss. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50(4), 844–856. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/059)
Comments